1. Dolly is a cloned sheep.
2. When a zygote divides into two separate cells, it is called Artificial Embryo Twinning.
3. Somatic cells are also called adult cells.
4. In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into a donor egg.
5. In order to create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell must have its nucleus removed.
Click And Clone
6. All the materials needed to clone a mouse:
- Mouse that will be used to clone.
- Egg cell donor
- Surrogate mother to grow mouse clone
- Microscope
- Petri dishes
- Sharp pipette
- Blunt pipette
- Chemical to stimulate cell division
- 4. Stimulate cell division
- 6. Deliver baby
- 2. Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
- 1. Isolate egg cells from egg donor and germ cell donor
- 3. Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
- 5. Implant embryo into a surrogate mother
9. The color the cloned mouse will be is brown. The name of this mouse is Mini-Mimi.
Why Clone?
10. Cloning extinct animals is problematic because of the lack of properly conserved DNA.
11. Some of the reasons a person might want to clone a human are to help infertile couples have children and to replace a deceased child.
The Clone Zone
12. The animal that was cloned in 1885 was a sea urchin.
13. Spemann separated the two cells of the embryo of a salamander in 1902 by making a tiny noose out of baby hair and tightened it between the two cells.
14. The process of removing a nucleus is called nuclear transfer.
15. In 1952, the nucleus of a frog embryo was placed into a donor cell. It did not work to clone the animal.
16. The nucleus of an adult cell can be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone.
17. Mammals are hard to clone because mammalian egg cells are much smaller than those of a frog or salamander.
18. The names of the first two cloned cows were Fusion and Copy.
19. The National Bioethics Advisory Council was formed in 1995.
20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell was Dolly the sheep.
21. Scientists fused early-stage embryonic cells with adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos.
22. Transgenic, cloned sheep were used to produce therapeutic proteins.
23. A stem cell is a cell that can become any type of cell in the human body.
Cloning Myths
24. CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone because the donated somatic cell from Rainbow had an activated black gene and an inactivated orange gene. However, as CC got older, the cell's inactivation pattern did not change like it should have, leaving CC black and white. (Rainbow was orange, black, and white.
25. Nature vs. Nurture means that, while genetics determine traits, the environment has a considerable impact on an individual's personality and appearance.
Is It Cloning Or Not?
26.
- NO Sperm taken from a male goat is combined with a female's egg in a Petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
- YES A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into individual cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity
- NO A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother
- NO In vitro fertilization
- YES Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
- In vitro fertilization-When an embryo that is created through the fusion of the male's sperm and the female's egg.
- Embryo splitting-When embryos are split into several sections. Each of them will turn into an animal.
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer-When eggs are removed from a organism and their nuclei are removed and thrown away. Then, nuclei taken from another organism are inserted into the eggs.
- Multiple ovulation embryo transfer-When an organism with desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. These eggs are then implanted into another organism who does not have those desirable traits.
- Artificial insemination-When sperm from a male is used to impregnate many different females.
28. One reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate is that an egg with a newly transferred nucleus may not begin to divide or develop properly.
29. A telomere is the DNA sequences at both ends of the chromosome. It affects cloned animals by expanding or shortening their lifespans.
What are some issues in cloning?
30. If a clone originates from an existing person, who is the parent? I believe that, if a clone originates from an existing person, that existing person is the only true parent. However, if the clone was a female and the mother were to get married, both the male and the female in the marriage would have the title of "parent", even if the child may happen to be a clone of the mother.
